Airless tire construction having multiple layers

ABSTRACT

A tire includes a wheel portion having an axis of rotation and an annular outer surface. The tire further includes a webbing extending from an annular inner surface of the wheel portion towards the axis of rotation. A stiffness of the webbing varies along the axial direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/078,153, filed on Mar. 23, 2016, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/572,996, filed on Dec. 17, 2014 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,321,312, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/920,528, filed on Dec. 24, 2013. The disclosure of these applications is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to an airless tire. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an airless tire having varying attributes.

BACKGROUND

Airless, or non-pneumatic tires known in the art include spokes or spoke rings each having the same stiffness and the same diameter. These prior art spokes buckle or deflect upon contact with the ground, and create a contact patch shape with substantially straight leading and trailing edges. These prior art spokes may be constructed of a material that is relatively stronger in tension than in compression, such that when the lower spokes buckle, the load can be distributed through the remaining portion of the wheel.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a non-pneumatic tire has a rotational axis. The non-pneumatic tire includes a plurality of layers having opposing faces lying in opposing planes substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis. The plurality of layers includes a first layer, a second layer, and third layer that is disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer includes a first annular inner surface, a first annular outer surface, and a first plurality of spokes extending between the first annular inner surface and the first annular outer surface. The second layer includes a second annular inner surface, a second annular outer surface, and a second plurality of spokes extending between the second annular inner surface and the second annular outer surface. The first layer has a first stiffness, the second layer has a second stiffness, and the third layer has a third stiffness different from the first stiffness and different from the second stiffness. The tire further includes a tread portion covering an outer surface of the plurality of layers.

In another embodiment, a tire includes a wheel portion having an axis of rotation and an annular outer surface. The tire further includes a webbing extending from an annular inner surface of the wheel portion towards the axis of rotation. A stiffness of the webbing varies along the axial direction.

In yet another embodiment, a non-pneumatic tire includes a hub configured to be coupled to a machine, the hub having a rotational axis about which the tire is configured to roll. The non-pneumatic tire further includes a support structure including an inner circumferential portion associated with the hub and an outer circumferential portion radially spaced from the inner circumferential portion. The support structure includes a plurality of layers of elastomeric material having opposing faces lying in opposing planes substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis. Each of the layers extends radially from the inner circumferential portion of the support structure to the outer circumferential portion. The plurality of layers together extend axially between opposed, axially-spaced side edges of the tire, wherein the support structure includes a plurality of cavities. The non-pneumatic tire also includes a tread portion associated with the outer circumferential portion, wherein at least two adjacent layers each include respective cavity forming apertures corresponding to at least a portion of a cavity, and wherein the layers are chemically bonded to one another.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, structures are illustrated that, together with the detailed description provided below, describe exemplary embodiments of the claimed invention. Like elements are identified with the same reference numerals. It should be understood that elements shown as a single component may be replaced with multiple components, and elements shown as multiple components may be replaced with a single component. The drawings are not to scale and the proportion of certain elements may be exaggerated for the purpose of illustration.

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing a perspective view of one embodiment of an airless tire 100 having multiple spoke rings;

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing illustrating a cross-section of the airless tire 100;

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating a cross-section of an alternative embodiment of an airless tire having multiple spoke rings of varying diameter, stiffness, and thickness;

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing illustrating a cross-section of another alternative embodiment of an airless tire having multiple spoke rings of varying diameter, stiffness, and thickness, with each spoke ring having convex and concave portions;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of still another alternative embodiment of an airless tire, having a unitary wheel portion and webbing;

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary rounded contact patch shape made by an airless tire, where the contact patch shape has a rounded leading edge and a rounded trailing edge;

FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary contact patch shape of a prior art tire, where the footprint has a flat leading edge and a flat trailing edge; and

FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing illustrating a side view of the airless tire 100 bearing a load.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following includes definitions of selected terms employed herein. The definitions include various examples or forms of components that fall within the scope of a term and that may be used for implementation. The examples are not intended to be limiting. Both singular and plural forms of terms may be within the definitions.

“Axial” and “axially” refer to a direction that is parallel to the axis of rotation of a tire.

“Circumferential” and “circumferentially” refer to a direction extending along the perimeter of the surface of the tread perpendicular to the axial direction.

“Equatorial plane” refers to the plane that is perpendicular to the tire's axis of rotation and passes through the center of the tire's tread.

“Tread” refers to that portion of the tire that comes into contact with the road under normal inflation and load.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an airless tire 100 having an axis of rotation A passing through its center. Airless tire 100 is constructed of five spoke rings 110, including a central spoke ring 110 a, a pair of intermediate spoke rings 110 b disposed on each side of the central spoke ring 110 a, and a pair of outer spoke rings 110 c disposed on either side of intermediate spoke rings 110 b. Each of the spoke rings 110 includes a plurality of spokes 112. While five spoke rings are shown in the illustrated embodiment, it should be understood that the airless tire 100 is not limited to any particular number of spoke rings, and may alternatively utilize structures other than spoke rings, such as a unitary structure having a plurality of spokes. The spoke rings 110 may be constructed of materials including, without limitation, corded carbon-filled rubber, nylon, polyester, fibers (glass, aramid, etc.) with resin, thermoplastic, or urethane.

Each spoke ring 110 each has an inner annular surface S_(I) and an outer annular surface S_(O) that defines an inner diameter and a maximum outer diameter, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, the maximum outer diameters of all five spoke rings 110 are equal. In alternative embodiments, the maximum outer diameters of the spoke rings may vary.

In the illustrated embodiment, each spoke 112 extends from the inner annular surface S_(I) to the outer annular surface S_(O) of the respective spoke ring 110. The spokes 112 define openings O_(S) between one another. For illustrative purposes, the openings O_(S) are shown as pentagon-shaped. However, it should be understood that the openings O_(S) may have any geometric shape. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the spokes may form a more complex webbing rather than extend from the inner annular surface S_(I) to the outer annular surface S_(O).

Each spoke ring 110 has a stiffness k. As one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the stiffness of a spoke ring may be defined by a number of factors, including, without limitation, the material of the spoke ring and the geometry of the spokes and openings. Spoke rings with a higher stiffness are more resistant to deformation and compression. In one embodiment, central spoke ring 110 a has a first stiffness k_(a), intermediate spoke rings 110 b each have substantially the same second stiffness k_(b), and outer spoke rings 110 c each have substantially the same third stiffness k_(c). In one embodiment, the second stiffness k_(b) is greater than the first stiffness k_(a), and the third stiffness k_(c) is greater than both the first stiffness k_(a) and the second stiffness k_(b). In an alternative embodiment, the first stiffness k_(a) is greater than both the second stiffness k_(b) and the third stiffness k_(c), and the second stiffness k_(b) is greater than the third stiffness k_(c). In another alternative embodiment, the second stiffness k_(b) is greater than both the first stiffness k_(a) and the third stiffness k_(c), and the third stiffness k_(c) is greater than the first stiffness k_(a).

With continued reference to FIG. 1, the central spoke ring 110 a is shown as having a relatively lower number of spokes 112 a, with the spokes 112 a being separated by relatively larger openings O_(a). As one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, this geometry would result in a relatively low first stiffness k_(a). This low first stiffness k_(a) may be achieved by other means, such as with the use of different materials, construction methods, or geometries.

Intermediate spoke rings 110 b are shown as having more spokes 112 b than central spoke ring 110 a. The spoke openings O_(b) of intermediate spoke rings 110 b are narrower than spoke openings O_(a) located within central spoke ring 110 a. Additionally, spokes 112 b of intermediate spoke rings 110 b are thicker than spokes 112 a of central spoke ring 110 a. Both intermediate spoke rings 110 b have the same geometry and the same stiffness k_(b). One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that this geometry would result in a relatively higher stiffness k_(b) than the central spoke ring stiffness k_(a). Alternatively, the intermediate stiffness k_(b) of spoke rings 110 b may be achieved by other means, such as with the use of different materials, construction methods, or geometries for intermediate spoke rings 110 b.

Outer spoke rings 110 c are shown in FIG. 1 as having more spokes 112 c than intermediate spoke ring 110 b, with spokes 112 c being separated by relatively larger openings O_(c) than those of the intermediate spoke ring openings O_(b). In this embodiment, both outer spoke rings 110 c have the same spoke geometry, and the same stiffness k_(c). One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the geometry of the outer spoke rings 110 c and the larger relative size of the outer spoke ring openings O_(c) would cause the outer spoke rings 110 c to have a lower stiffness than intermediate spoke rings 110 b. Alternatively, the stiffness k_(c) of outer spoke rings 110 c may be achieved by other means, such as with the use of different materials, construction methods, or geometries for spoke rings 110 c.

In the illustrated embodiment, the five spoke rings 110 have three different stiffnesses. In the illustrated embodiment, the intermediate spoke rings 110 b have the highest stiffness, and the central spoke ring 110 a has the lowest stiffness. It should be understood that any number of spoke rings having any number of different stiffnesses may be selected. After the stiffnesses of the spoke rings have been selected, the spoke rings are arranged in a desired manner, suitable to a particular application. For example, the stiffness of each ring may be selected to produce a tire having desired characteristics, such as low noise, low vibrations, or low rolling resistance.

When airless tire 100 is placed in contact with the ground in a load-bearing condition, airless tire 100 contacts the ground to form a tire contact patch shape (not shown in FIG. 1). Because the airless tire contact patch shape will be dictated by the stiffness of the spoke rings 110, in addition to other factors, a design engineer can alter the contact patch shape of the airless tire by varying the stiffness of the spoke rings 110 across the width of the airless tire. This could be done to produce a curved leading edge of the contact patch shape that is desirable when concerned with ride harshness and impact isolation. Further stiffness changes can be used to optimize the contact patch shape for off-highway tires, reducing soil compaction, a key design parameter for certain applications.

FIG. 1 depicts the spokes 112 of corresponding like spoke rings 110 being arranged in alignment with one another. For example, the spokes 112 c and openings O_(c) of each outer spoke ring 110 c are aligned with each other, and the spokes 112 b and openings O_(b) of each intermediate spoke ring 110 b are aligned with each other. In an alternative embodiment, the spokes 112 and openings O_(S) of corresponding like spoke rings are not in alignment with each other. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various alignments of spoke rings 110 will cause airless tire 100 to have different performance properties. When spoke rings 110 are not aligned with each other, spokes 112 of similar spoke rings 110 enter the contact patch shape area at a different time when airless tire 100 is rolling. The spoke rings 110 may also be aligned such that each spoke 112 of the all spoke rings 110 enters the contact patch area at a different time when airless tire 100 is rolling. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to select an alignment providing desired performance properties in any particular application.

After the spoke rings 110 are arranged in a desired manner, they are affixed to a non-pneumatic hub (not shown), using known affixing means. Exemplary affixing means include, without limitation, welding, brazing, and the application of adhesive. A high annular strength band 114 is then circumferentially attached about the spoke rings 110. The high annular strength band acts as a structural compression member on the airless tire 100, and increases interlaminar shear strength across the axial length of the airless tire 100. As one of ordinary skill would understand, the high annular strength band 114 could include an elastic center portion, sandwiched between two inelastic outer portions, or be composed of a single composite structure (see prior art U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,484). The high annular strength band 114 may also be referred to as a “shear band” or “band.” In an alternative embodiment, the high annular strength band may be omitted.

A tire tread 116 is then wrapped about the high annular strength band 114. The tire tread 116 may include elements, such as ribs, block, lugs, grooves, and sipes as desired to improve the performance of the tire in various conditions.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of airless tire 100. As can be seen from this view, each spoke ring 110 of airless tire 100 has the same thickness S_(T). In alternative embodiments (not shown), the spoke ring thickness of spoke rings may vary. By varying thicknesses S_(T), the contact patch shape created by airless tire 100 may be adapted to suit a wide range of applications, including agricultural and passenger applications.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross section of an alternative embodiment of an airless tire 200. In this embodiment, spoke rings 210 have different maximum outer diameters and different stiffnesses k. The spoke rings 210 in this embodiment have inner diameters D₁ that are substantially the same. Each spoke ring 210 may have a unique stiffness k, or may have a common stiffness k with one or more other spoke rings 210. In this embodiment, central spoke ring 210 a has a first stiffness k_(a), intermediate spoke rings 210 b each have a second stiffness k_(b), and outer spoke rings 210 c each have a third stiffness k_(c). In one embodiment, the first stiffness k_(a) is lower than both the second stiffness k_(b) and the third stiffness k_(c). Additionally, the second stiffness k_(b) is lower than the third stiffness k_(c). In an alternative embodiment, the first stiffness k_(a) is greater than both the second stiffness k_(b) and the third stiffness k_(c), and the second stiffness k_(b) is greater than the third stiffness k_(c). In another alternative embodiment, the second stiffness k_(b) is greater than both the first stiffness k_(a) and the third stiffness k_(c), and the third stiffness k_(c) is greater than the first stiffness k_(a).

Each spoke ring 210 may have a unique outer diameter, or may have a common outer diameter with one or more other spoke rings 210. In the illustrated embodiment, central spoke ring 210 a has a first maximum outer diameter D_(a), intermediate spoke rings 210 b each have a second maximum outer diameter D_(b), and outer spoke rings 210 c each have a third maximum outer diameter D_(c). The first maximum outer diameter D_(a) is greater than the second maximum outer diameter D_(b), which in turn is greater than the third maximum outer diameter D_(c). It should be understood that any number of spoke rings having any number of different outer diameters may be employed. After the outer diameters of the spoke rings have been selected, the spoke rings are arranged in a desired manner, suitable to a particular application. For example, the outer diameter of each ring may be selected to produce a tire having desired characteristics, such as low noise, low vibrations, or low rolling resistance.

Use of variable diameter spoke rings allows for a curved or toroidal band (or shear band) to be used in this type of non-pneumatic tire (“NPT”) design. The toroidal band allows additional deflection needed to maximize tire contact patch area. This is especially important for off-highway or agricultural tires which need a contact patch shape with a greater area to minimize soil compaction.

In the illustrated embodiment, each spoke ring 210 has a constant outer diameter. In alternative embodiments (not shown), the spoke rings may have variable outer diameters. For example, the outer diameter of each spoke ring may vary in the axial direction, such that when the spoke rings are assembled, the assembly has a smooth, curved outer surface.

Each spoke ring 210 may have a unique thickness, or may have a common thickness S_(T) with one or more other spoke rings 210. Tread 214 is wrapped around the outer surfaces of spoke rings 210. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), a high annular strength band is disposed between the outer surfaces of the spoke rings and the tread.

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross section of another alternative embodiment of an airless tire 300. The tire 300 is substantially similar to the tire 200 discussed above, except for the differences identified below.

In this embodiment, each spoke ring 310 has concave portions 312 and convex portions 314 that alternate along the sides of spoke rings 310. When aligned, the concave portions 312 and convex portions 314 of adjacent spoke rings 310 abut each other, as seen in FIG. 4. This configuration may provide increased rigidity and support among the spoke rings 310. Alternatively, spoke rings 310 may include other structures that adjoin to one another, such as protrusions in one spoke ring and depressions to receive the protrusions in another spoke ring. Tread 316 circumferentially surrounds spoke rings 310.

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of yet another alternative embodiment of an airless tire 400. In the illustrated embodiment, the airless tire 400 has a single wheel portion 410. Wheel portion 410 may be a single unitary structure, or may be made up of a plurality of spoke rings 110 fused together. Wheel portion 410 has a webbing 412 instead of spokes that extend from an inner annular surface to an outer annular surface. The webbing 412 may be any pattern or shape sufficient to provide support. The maximum outer diameter W_(D) of wheel portion 410 may vary along an axial direction. For example, the maximum outer diameter may be greater in an equatorial plane and smaller towards the sides of airless tire 400.

The stiffness k of the webbing portion 412 may vary along an axial direction of wheel portion 410. A varying stiffness k throughout wheel portion 410 can be achieved in several ways. In one embodiment, several spoke rings 110 having various stiffnesses k are fused together. In an alternative embodiment, different materials are used in the wheel portion 410 during manufacture to create pre-stresses within the wheel portion. In another alternative embodiment, the webbing has varying geometry in an axial direction, which causes the stiffness to vary in the axial direction. The webbing geometry may be varied through molding or machining processes, or by a 3D printing or additive manufacturing process. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other methods known in the art may be used to provide a varying axial stiffness within wheel portion 410.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, non-pneumatic hub 414 is affixed to the center of webbing 412 using known affixing means. Exemplary affixing means include, without limitation, welding, brazing, and the application of adhesive. Non-pneumatic hub 414 can be attached to a vehicle in a similar manner as a wheel in a conventional tire. In other embodiments, additional webbing 412 can be used instead of non-pneumatic hub 414.

The spoke rings and webbing disclosed in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-5 may cause the airless tire 100, 200, 300, 400 to form a rounded contact patch shape when in contact with the ground. The rounded contact patch shape reduces the effects of road impact and noise. The curvature of the rounded contact patch shape can be determined by various factors, including, without limitation, each spoke ring's stiffness, outer diameter, thickness, spoke geometry, number of spokes, shape and number of openings, and the number of spoke rings included in airless tire. By varying these parameters, the airless tire may be adapted to suit a wide range of applications, including agricultural applications and passenger vehicle applications. For example, in some applications such as use in agricultural vehicles, uniform contact pressure and maximized contact area may be desired. An airless tire with a rounded contact patch shape (or rounded band) can be designed to deflect more at low loads maximizing contact area and minimizing soil compaction. An airless tire with flat contact patch shape loses the ability to deflect in the radial direction at different rates across its axial width which will cause less deflection, and less contact patch area, especially at light load conditions. An airless tire with a rounded contact patch shape will result in superior (reduced) soil compaction performance and superior (reduced) ride harshness for the driver/operator.

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary elongated rounded contact patch shape 500 which is formed when one of the airless tires 100, 200, 300, 400 is in contact with a rolling surface in a load bearing condition. Elongated rounded contact patch shape 500 includes a rounded leading edge 512 and a rounded trailing edge 514. The axial stiffness distribution or varying axial diameter of the airless tires 100, 200, 300, 400 contribute to the forming of rounded edges 512 and 514.

By contrast, FIG. 7 depicts a contact patch shape 600 of a prior art airless tire (not shown). The contact patch shape 600 includes straight leading and trailing edges 612, 614. An airless tire making a flat contact patch shape 600 results in greater ride vibration and noise than an airless tire making a rounded contact patch shape 500.

The contact patch shape is formed when the airless tire is in contact with a rolling surface in a load bearing condition. As one example, FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing depicting a side view of the airless tire 100 of FIGS. 1 and 2 bearing a load. In one embodiment, the effects of using variable stiffness rings in axial alignment can be enhanced based on the load distribution within the airless tire. The load carrying distribution in such an embodiment can rely more heavily on load transmitted in compression through the spokes at the bottom of the tire (between the load and the ground surface), and less on the shear band to transfer load to the top of the tire. In some NPTs the load is carried primarily through the use of a cylindrical shear band with spokes that buckle at the bottom of the tire. These NPTs are considered “top loaders” and carry most of the load through the shear band and the upper spokes in tension. Other NPTs are essentially rigid (or semi-flexible) structures that carry a majority of the load through the bottom portion, “bottom loaders.” In one embodiment, the load is relatively balanced between the spoke rings and shear band such that approximately 50% of the load is carried through the bottom spokes in compression and approximately 50% of the load is carried through the shear band and upper spokes in tension. This approximate 50/50 load distribution allows for varying the diameters and stiffness of the spoke rings to create a desired contact patch shape. In this embodiment, the spokes 112 undergoing a compressive force do not buckle when airless tire 100 is loaded.

The airless tire 100 creates a rounded contact patch shape 500 on a rolling surface when a load is placed on airless tire 100. Rounded leading edge 512 is formed when airless tire 100 undergoes a loading force. Rounded leading edge 512 result in reduced ride vibration and noise by allowing the tire to pass over bumps in the road more softly than an airless tire with a straight leading edge.

To the extent that the term “includes” or “including” is used in the specification or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as that term is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “or” is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean “A or B or both.” When the applicants intend to indicate “only A or B but not both” then the term “only A or B but not both” will be employed. Thus, use of the term “or” herein is the inclusive, and not the exclusive use. See, Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 624 (2d. Ed. 1995). Also, to the extent that the terms “in” or “into” are used in the specification or the claims, it is intended to additionally mean “on” or “onto.” Furthermore, to the extent the term “connect” is used in the specification or claims, it is intended to mean not only “directly connected to,” but also “indirectly connected to” such as connected through another component or components.

While the present application has been illustrated by the description of embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the application, in its broader aspects, is not limited to the specific details, the representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-pneumatic tire having a rotational axis, comprising: a plurality of layers having opposing faces lying in opposing planes substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis, wherein the plurality of layers includes a first layer, a second layer, and third layer that is disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the first layer includes a first annular inner surface, a first annular outer surface, and a first plurality of spokes extending between the first annular inner surface and the first annular outer surface, wherein the second layer includes a second annular inner surface, a second annular outer surface, and a second plurality of spokes extending between the second annular inner surface and the second annular outer surface, wherein the first layer has a first stiffness, the second layer has a second stiffness, and the third layer has a third stiffness different from the first stiffness and different from the second stiffness; and a tread portion covering an outer surface of the plurality of layers.
 2. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the first stiffness is equal to the second stiffness.
 3. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the third stiffness is greater than the first stiffness and greater than the second stiffness.
 4. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the third layer includes a third annular inner surface, a third annular outer surface, and a third plurality of spokes extending between the third annular inner surface and the third annular outer surface.
 5. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 1, further comprising a shear band covering the outer surface of the plurality of layers.
 6. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the first layer and the second layer are constructed of a material selected from the group consisting of: rubber, resin, thermoplastic, and urethane.
 7. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 6, wherein the third layer is constructed of a material selected from the group consisting of: carbon cords, nylon, polyester, glass fiber, and aramid fiber.
 8. The non-pneumatic tire of claim 1, wherein the first layer has a first outer diameter, the second layer has a second outer diameter, and the third layer has a third outer diameter different from the first outer diameter and different from the second outer diameter.
 9. A tire, comprising: a wheel portion having an axis of rotation and an annular outer surface; and a webbing extending from an annular inner surface of the wheel portion towards the axis of rotation, wherein a stiffness of the webbing varies along the axial direction.
 10. The tire of claim 9, wherein the webbing is attached to a hub in the center of the tire.
 11. The tire of claim 10, wherein the webbing forms a plurality of spokes.
 12. The tire of claim 11, wherein the webbing is formed by an additive manufacturing process.
 13. The tire of claim 12, wherein the stiffness varies along the axial direction due to a change of material in the axial direction.
 14. The tire of claim 13, wherein the materials are selected from the group consisting of: rubber, resin, thermoplastic, urethane, carbon cords, nylon, polyester, glass fiber, and aramid fiber.
 15. A non-pneumatic tire comprising: a hub configured to be coupled to a machine, the hub having a rotational axis about which the tire is configured to roll; a support structure including an inner circumferential portion associated with the hub and an outer circumferential portion radially spaced from the inner circumferential portion, the support structure including a plurality of layers of elastomeric material having opposing faces lying in opposing planes substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis, each of the layers extending radially from the inner circumferential portion of the support structure to the outer circumferential portion, and the plurality of layers together extending axially between opposed, axially-spaced side edges of the tire, wherein the support structure includes a plurality of cavities; and a tread portion associated with the outer circumferential portion, wherein at least two adjacent layers each include respective cavity forming apertures corresponding to at least a portion of a cavity, and wherein the layers are chemically bonded to one another.
 16. The tire of claim 15, wherein at least some of the layers are annular layers having a centrally located aperture through which the hub is received.
 17. The tire of claim 15, wherein an interface is present between adjacent layers of elastomeric material, and the interface includes a chemical bond between the adjacent layers.
 18. The tire of claim 17, further including a reinforcing member associated with at least some of the interfaces.
 19. The tire of claim 18, wherein the reinforcing member includes at least one of a fiber reinforcement material and a cord.
 20. The tire of claim 15, wherein the layers are adhesively bonded to one another. 